A ruby is a pink-ish red to blood-red colored gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum (aluminium oxide).
Ruby is one of the most popular traditional jewelry gems and is very durable. Other varieties of gem-quality corundum are called sapphires. Ruby is one of the traditional cardinal gems, alongside amethyst, sapphire, emerald, and diamond.
The word ruby comes from ruber, Latin for red. The color of a ruby is due to the element chromium.
The corundum family of gemstones consists of ruby and sapphire.
Corundum is very compact, dense, and lacks gemstone cleavage. It’s also the second hardest natural mineral after diamond. Gem-quality corundum is also quite rare. These factors make both varieties of corundum some of the most highly desired jewelry stones. Ruby is the red variety of corundum. All other colors of corundum, including colorless, are called sapphires.
Pinkish red, medium to dark red varieties are called ruby. All other colors are called sapphire, including colorless, white, gray, blue, blue-green, green, violet, purple, orange, yellow, yellow-green, brown, golden amber, peachy pink, pink, and black